Cacat intelektual

Cacat intelektual
Aran liyané	Cacat perkembangan intelektual (IDD), cacat pembelajaran umum[1]
Anak-anak sane madue cacat intelektual lan kondisi perkembangan sane lianan masaing ring Olimpiade Khusus Dunia.
Khusus	Psikiatri, anak alit
Diagnosa matiosan	Sindrom Down, Sindrom X rapuh, Gangguan spektrum alkohol janin
Prékuénsi	153 yuta ring sajebag jagat (2015)[2]

Cacat intelektual (Basa inggris: ID ), taler kaloktah dados cacat pembelajaran umum (ring Inggris ), ^[3] lan sadurungnyane retardasi mental (ring Amerika Serikat ), ^{[4] [5] [6]} inggih punika gangguan perkembangan saraf umum sane kacihnayang antuk gangguan signifikan ring fungsi intelektual lan adaptif sane kapertama kacingak rikala chi hood. Anak alit sane madue cacat intelektual ketahnyane madue quotient kecerdasan (IQ) ring sor 70 lan defisit ring paling kidik kalih parilaksana adaptif sane mapangaruh ring kauripan sarahina. Manut DSM-5, fungsi intelektual minakadi penalaran, muputang pikobet, pangrencana, pamikiran abstrak, penilaian, pembelajaran akademik, lan pembelajaran saking pengalaman. ^[7] Defisit ring fungsi puniki patut kacumpuin antuk evaluasi klinis lan tes IQ standar individualisasi. Ring sisi tiosan, parilaksana adaptif rumasuk kawagedan sosial, panglimbak, miwah praktis sane kaplajahin olih jadma rikala ngamargiang tugas ring kahuripan sarahina. ^[8] Defisit ring fungsi adaptif sering pisan ngawinang pikobet ring kemandirian miwah kawagedan angga mangda prasida nagingin swadharma sosialnyane. ^[9]

Cacat intelektual kakepah malih dados cacat intelektual sindrom, ring dija defisit intelektual sane mapaiketan sareng tanda lan gejala medis lan parilaksana sane lianan wenten, lan cacat intelektual non-sindrom, ring dija defisit intelektual punika medal tanpa kelainan sane lianan. ^[10] Sindrom Down lan sindrom X rapuh inggih punika conto cacat intelektual sindrom.

Cacat intelektual ngranayang sawatara 2-3% saking populasi umum. ^[11] Pitung dasa lima kantos sia dasa persen krama sane keni pikobet puniki madue cacat intelektual sane ringan. ^[11] Kasus non-sindrom, utawi idiopatik ngawetuang 30-50% saking kasus puniki. ^[11] Kirang langkung seprapat kasus puniki kaawinang olih kelainan genetik, ^[11] lan kirang langkung 5% kasus punika kawarisang. ^[12] Kasus sane nenten kauningin penyebabnyane keni sawatara 95 yuta jadma Per tanggal 2013^[update] . ^[13]

1. ↑ Wilmshurst, Linda (2012). Clinical and Educational Child Psychology an Ecological-Transactional Approach to Understanding Child Problems and Interventions. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-118-43998-2.
2. ↑ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
3. ↑ Tidy, Colin (25 January 2013). "General Learning Disability". Patient.info. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 27 June 2015. The term general learning disability is now used in the UK instead of terms such as mental handicap or mental retardation. The degree of disability can vary significantly, being classified as mild, moderate, severe or profound.
4. ↑ "Mental retardation (term that has been replaced by intellectual developmental disorder) – GPnotebook". gpnotebook.com (ring Inggris). Kaaksés 2024-07-08.
5. ↑ Rosa's Law, Pub.
6. ↑ Ansberry, Clare (20 November 2010). "Erasing a Hurtful Label From the Books". The Wall Street Journal. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 27 June 2015. Kaaksés 4 December 2010. Decades-long quest by disabilities advocates finally persuades state, federal governments to end official use of 'retarded'.
7. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM Library (ring Inggris). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. Kaaksés 2024-04-13.
8. ↑ Boat, TF; Wu, JT, eds. (2015). "Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities". Mental disorders and disabilities among low-income children. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-37685-3.
9. ↑ Empty citation (help)
10. ↑ Barros, Isabela; Leão, Vito; Santis, Jessica O.; Rosa, Reginaldo; Brotto, Danielle B.; Storti, Camila; Siena, Ádamo; Molfetta, Greice; Silva Jr, Wilson A. (2021). "Non-Syndromic Intellectual Disability and Its Pathways: A Long Noncoding RNA Perspective". Non-Coding RNA. 7 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/ncrna7010022. PMC 8005948 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33799572 Check |pmid= value (help).
11. ↑ ^{11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3} Daily DK, Ardinger HH, Holmes GE (February 2000). "Identification and evaluation of mental retardation". American Family Physician. 61 (4): 1059–67, 1070. PMID 10706158. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 2010-12-04.
12. ↑ "Definition of mentally retarded". Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine.
13. ↑ Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.